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The review of conservation activities within the European Union (EU-27) policy is based on policy instruments.
What kind of instruments?
- Legally binding such as directives and regulations.
- Incentive-based such as taxes, certificate trading schemes and subsidies.
- Knowledge-based instruments such as the “Horizon Europe” research fund and social learning commitments.
In addition, Communications, Strategies and Action Plans, which support and facilitate the achievement of policy instruments, are also considered.
All these are aimed at protecting and enhancing soil biodiversity in Europe and thus the multifunctionality of ecosystems. Ecosystem services are at the core of soil conservation measures, including ecosystem services relevant to soil according to the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services.
The services are thus divided into regulating (light yellow in the picture) and provisioning (dark yellow) services.
On the one hand, raw materials, nutrition and energy include minerals and cultivated/wild plants although no differentiation is made between habitats for different animal life stages. On the other hand, climate includes the regulation of temperature and air humidity. And finally, soil quality includes weathering processes and the processes of decomposition and fixation.
Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320722000283
